The Power of Pranayama: Research and Ramifications
The respiratory system is one of the few internal regulatory systems of the body that we can consciously control—and doing so can have tremendous impact on our health and well-being. While emotion almost always affects the breath—for example, it becomes shallow and rapid when we’re anxious, fearful, or excited—this can go the other way as well. Slowing the breath rate can catalyze calmness, relaxation, and greater mental clarity. Research around the effects of yogic breathing practices, or pranayama, explores the significant implications of this breath-body-mind relationship.
How It Works
How does breath affect the mind and body so profoundly? One key to this relationship is the autonomic nervous system, which governs the body’s sympathetic (stress or fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-relax) responses, and controls the actions and reactions of the body’s systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems. Breath rate directly affects the vagus nerve, which is central to the nervous system response.
During the stress response, the sympathetic nervous system is triggered and we are thrust into survival mode and all the physical and mental states that go with that: the heart rate increases to send more blood rushing to the muscles, the muscles tense in preparation, and stress hormone production increases. However, humans have the capability of initiating an opposite response with the use of behavioral strategies including meditation and slow breathing. When the relaxation response is activated, we see virtually the opposite physiological changes to those of the stress response.
Sounds simple, but the trickle-down effect can have powerful repercussions over time—both positive and negative. The most obvious area of benefit from pranayama practices is the respiratory system: Breathing control techniques have been shown to improve lung function in both healthy people and patients with chronic bronchitis and asthma. But pranayama clearly has an effect on other systems as well, via the vagus nerve.
Pranayama for the Heart
One study showed that pranayama significantly reduces the risk of arrhythmia, an abnormal heart rhythm that may prevent the heart from pumping enough blood to the body, by changing underlying electrophysiological characteristics of heart activity in in patients with arrhythmia.
The work of pranayama researcher Luciano Bernardi in Italy has identified a strong capability for slow breathing practices to have profound effects on the autonomic nervous system, including the capability of reducing blood pressure, even in patients with hypertension (high blood pressure), over the short term. In a subsequent study lending credence to the possibility of the efficacy of yoga for this condition, the effect of pranayama on hypertension blood pressure was documented. Patients who practiced three months of slow breathing showed significant reductions in blood pressure. The role of slow breathing in hypertension has become a research field into itself, with studies using device-guided slow breathing for hypertension, although results across research trials are mixed.
A Wide Range of Possibilities
A 2013 study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine looked at the effect of right unilateral nostril breathing (UNB) on various measures of attention, language, spatial abilities, depression, and anxiety in post-stroke individuals, with and without aphasia. Right UNB significantly decreased levels of anxiety for individuals in both groups. Performance on language measures increased for the individuals with aphasia. In the yogic physiology described for the so-called alternate nostril breathing technique, the belief is that respiration through a particular nostril has specific nostril-dependent effects on psychophysiology, with left-nostril breathing leading to calming, restorative functioning, and right-nostril breathing leading to activating, stimulating functioning. Although the mechanism by which this could be mediated is unclear, this study is one of a number of such studies suggesting that there is some truth to this belief.
Like yoga, pranayama can serve as a complementary therapy for numerous chronic or acute conditions. In fact, because pranayama can be practiced much more easily than asanas, it has the potential to be a feasible intervention among individuals with a wide variety of disorders and physical limitations. For example, one study found that pranayama may improve sleep disturbance, anxiety, and quality of life for patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. A dose-response relationship was found between pranayama use and improvements in chemotherapy-associated symptoms and quality of life.
In one intriguing study, breath control exercises were posited as an inexpensive, accessible method for reducing cigarette cravings. Participants visited the laboratory twice and were asked to abstain from smoking 12 hours prior to the first visit until the end of the second visit. They were randomly allocated into two groups; one was assigned a 10-minute yogic breathing exercise to practice each time they experienced cravings, while another was shown a breathing exercise video and asked simply to concentrate on their breathing. Results showed that craving measures were reduced in the yogic breathing group, as compared with the video group. Although this study showed that pranayama can reduce cigarette craving over the short term in the laboratory, further research is needed to evaluate if this will hold true in a real-world setting for smoking cessation.
This research is but the tip of the iceberg. Because pranayama is easy to instruct, can be performed in virtually all circumstances without cost or equipment, has significant psychophysiological effects that may be specific to different types of pranayama (e.g., fast vs. slow, left vs. right nostril), is free of side effects, and is a simple behavioral strategy suitable for virtual any medical condition, it is likely that we will see a continued application of pranayama in clinical settings and an associated growing body of biomedical research to validate its effectiveness. It is conceivable that, in the future, health-care providers will confidently prescribe specific yogic breathing practices for specific conditions and individuals.
Sat Bir S. Khalsa, PhD,is assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and the Research Director for the Kripalu Center for Yoga & Health.
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Sat Bir S. Khalsa, PhD, is associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Yoga Therapy, and chief editor of the medical textbook The Principles and Practice of Yoga in Health Care.
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